Biography of Fred Hampton, Black Panther Party Leader

Memoir of Fred Hampton, Black Panther Party Leader Fred Hampton (August 30, 1948â€December 4, 1969) was a dissident for the NAACP and the Black Panther Party. At age 21, Hampton was lethally shot nearby a kindred extremist during a law implementation strike. Activists and the more extensive dark network considered the passings of these men low, and their families at last got a settlement coming from a common claim. Today, Hampton is generally recognized as a saint for the reason for dark freedom. Quick Facts: Fred Hampton Known For: Black Panther Party extremist who was in a law implementation raidBorn: August 30, 1948 in Summit, Illinois.Parents: Francis Allen Hampton and Iberia HamptonDied: December 4, 1969 in Chicago, IllinoisEducation: YMCA Community College, Triton CollegeChildren: Fred Hampton Jr.Notable Quote: â€Å"We consistently state operating at a profit Panther Party they can would anything they like to us. We probably won't be back. I may be in prison. I may be anywhere. But when I leave, you’ll recall that I stated, with the final words all the rage, that I am a progressive. Early Years Fred Hampton was conceived on August 30, 1948 in Summit, Illinois. His folks, Francis Allen Hampton and Iberia Hampton, were Louisiana locals who moved to Chicago. As a young, Fred exceeded expectations in sports and longed for playing baseball for the New York Yankees. Be that as it may, he additionally exceeded expectations in the study hall. Hampton eventually went to Triton College, where he considered pre-law in order to help non-white individuals retaliate against police severity. As a high schooler, Hampton got engaged with social liberties by driving a neighborhood NAACP youth chamber. He assisted with developing the gatherings enrollment to in excess of 500 individuals. Activism operating at a profit Panther Party Hampton had accomplishment with the NAACP, however the radicalism of the Black Panther Party impacted him considerably more. The BPP had effectively propelled a free breakfast program to take care of youngsters in various urban areas. The gathering likewise upheld for self-preservation as opposed to peacefulness and took a worldwide point of view on the dark opportunity battle, discovering motivation in Maoism. A talented speaker and coordinator, Hampton immediately traveled through the positions of the BPP. He turned into the pioneer of Chicago’s BPP branch, at that point the chairmain of the Illinois BPP, lastly the appointee seat of the national BPP. He occupied with grassroots activism, filling in as a coordinator, a peacemaker, and participating in the BPP’s free breakfast program and people’s clinical facility. A COINTELPRO Target From the 1950s until the 1970s, the FBI’s Counterintelligence Program (COINTELPRO) directed pioneers of extremist associations like Fred Hampton. The program served to sabotage, penetrate, and spread deception (regularly through extrajudicial methods) about political gatherings and the activists who had a place with them. COINTELPRO focused on social equality pioneers, for example, the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. just as radical gatherings like the Black Panther Party, the American Indian Movement, and the Young Lords. As Hampton’s impact operating at a profit Panthers developed, the FBI started to concentrate on his exercises, opening a record on him in 1967. The FBI enrolled a man named William ONeal to penetrate and undermine the Black Panthers Party. ONeal, who had been recently captured for vehicle burglary and imitating a government official, consented to the undertaking in light of the fact that the bureaucratic office vowed to drop the crime allegations against him. O’Neal immediately accessed Hampton by turning out to be the two his guardian and a security chief in Hampton’s Black Panther Party section. As a Black Panther Party pioneer, Hampton convinced Chicago’s dark and Puerto Rican road groups to call a détente. He likewise worked with white-overwhelmed bunches like Students for a Democratic Society and the Weather Underground. He called the multiracial gatherings he worked together with his Rainbow Coalition. Following FBI executive J. Edgar Hoover’s orders, O’Neal fixed quite a bit of Hampton’s work to encourage harmony in the network, driving network individuals to lose trust in the BPP. Fred Hampton's Killing Planting friction in the network wasn’t the main way O’Neal endeavor to subvert Hampton. He likewise assumed an immediate job in his executing. On December 3, 1969, O’Neal subtly sedated Hampton by placing a resting pill into his beverage. Quickly a short time later, law authorization specialists started an early morning assault on Hampton’s loft. In spite of not having a warrant for weapons charges, they entered the condo with firearms discharging. They mortally injured Mark Clark, who was guarding Hampton. Hampton and his fiancee, Deborah Johnson (likewise called Akua Njeri), were sleeping in their room. They had been injured however endure the gunfire. At the point when an official understood that Hampton hadn’t been murdered, he continued to shoot the dissident twice in the head. Johnson, who was anticipating a youngster with Hampton, was not slaughtered. The other seven Black Panthers present in the condo were accused of a few genuine wrongdoings, including endeavored murder, furnished savagery, and different weapons charges. Be that as it may, when a Department of Justice examination uncovered that Chicago Police had started up to 99 shots, and the Panthers had just discharged once, the charges were dropped. Activists believed the murdering of Hampton to be a death. At the point when the FBI’s Pennsylvania field office was broken into not long after, the COINTELPRO records discovered incorporated a story plan of Hampton’s loft and archives that referenced concealing the FBI’s part in Hampton’s murdering. Claim and Settlement The relatives of Fred Hampton and Mark Clark sued the Chicago Police, Cook County, and the FBI for $47.7 million out of 1970 for unfairly murdering the men. That case was tossed out, however another case occurred in 1979 after authorities inferred that the law implementation organizations included had discouraged equity and would not hand over significant desk work identified with the killings. After three years, the groups of Hampton and Clark discovered that they would get a $1.85 million settlement from the neighborhood and government organizations liable for the men’s passings. Despite the fact that that whole was far not as much as what they’d looked for, the settlement was an affirmation, to some extent, of bad behavior. Had the Chicago Police not executed Fred Hampton, he would have been named head of staff of the Black Panther Partys focal board, making him a key representative for the gathering. Hampton never got that chance, yet he has not been overlooked. Not long after his passing, the BPP recorded an examination of his condo, which police didn't shut off. The recording caught is found in the 1971 narrative â€Å"The Murder of Fred Hampton.† An expected 5,000 grievers went up to Hampton’s memorial service, during which the extremist was recalled by social equality pioneers such the Rev. Jesse Jackson and Ralph Abernathy. Although activists Roy Wilkins and Ramsey Clark described Hampton’s slaughtering as unjustified, none of the officials or authorities associated with the assault were sentenced for bad behavior. Inheritance Various scholars, rappers, and artists have alluded to Fred Hampton in their compositions or verses. The gathering Rage Against the Machine broadly specifies the extremist in its 1996 hit â€Å"Down Rodeo,† in which frontman Zack de la Rocha proclaims, â€Å"They ain’t going to send us campin’ as they did my man Fred Hampton.† In the city of Chicago, December 4 is â€Å"Fred Hampton Day.† An open pool in Maywood, Illinois, where Hampton grew up, bears his name. A bust of Hampton sits outside the Fred Hampton Family Aquatic Center. Hampton, as other political activists, appeared to be acutely mindful that his work would place his life in peril. In any case, while he was alive, he communicated trust in his own inheritance: â€Å"We consistently state operating at a profit Panther Party that they can would anything they like to us. We probably won't be back. I may be in prison. I may be anyplace. In any case, when I leave, you’ll recall that I stated, with the final words all the rage, that I am a progressive. Furthermore, you’re must continue saying that. You’re must state that I am a low class, I am the people.† Sources Ballesteros, Carlos. â€Å"Black Panther symbol Fred Hampton’s childhood home confronting foreclosure.† Chicago Sun-Times, 16 October, 2018.â€Å"Fred Hampton.† National Archives, 15 December, 2016. Silva, Christianna. â€Å"Who Was Fred Hampton, the Black Panther Shot and Killed by Chicago Police 48 Years Ago?† Newsweek, 4 December, 2017.â€Å"Watch: The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther.† Democracy Now! 4 December, 2014.

The Twilight Saga 4: Breaking Dawn Acknowledgments

As usual, an expanse of gratitude to; My magnificent family, for all their unique love and backing. My capable and hawt marketing expert, Elizabeth Eulberg, for making STEPHENIE MEYER out of the crude earth that was once only an unassuming Steph. The entire group at Little, Brown Books for Young Readers for a long time of excitement, confidence, support, and amazingly difficult work. All the stunning website designers and executives in the Twilight Saga online being a fan; you individuals bewilder me with your coolness. My splendid, excellent fans, with your unrivaled great preference for books, music, and motion pictures, for proceeding to cherish me more than I merit. The book shops who have made this arrangement a hit with their proposals; all writers are obligated to you for your adoration for and energy for writing. The numerous groups and artists that keep me inspired; did I notice Muse as of now? I did? Really awful. Dream, Muse, Muse†¦ New appreciation to: The best band-that-never-was: Nic and the Jens, including Shelly C. (Nicole Driggs, Jennifer Hancock, Jennifer Longman, and Shelly Colvin). A debt of gratitude is in order for taking me under your aggregate wing, folks. I would be a closed in without you. My significant distance buddies and text styles of mental soundness, Cool Meghan Hibbett and Kimberly â€Å"Shazzer† Suchy. My friend support, Shannon Hale, for getting everything, and for taking care of my adoration for zombie humor. Makenna Jewell Lewis for the utilization of her name, and her mom, Heather, for her help of the Arizona Ballet. The new folks on my â€Å"writing inspiration† playlist: Interpol, Motion City Soundtrack, and Spoon. The wonder proceeds. . . . STEPHENIE MEYER

Agoraphobia Symptoms and Treatment Options

Agoraphobia Symptoms and Treatment Options More in Panic Disorder Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Coping Related Conditions Currently, panic disorder is diagnosed as occurring with or without agoraphobia. It is also possible to be diagnosed with agoraphobia without a history of panic disorder. Doctors and other mental health providers use the criteria set forth in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to determine which diagnosis is most appropriate. Below you will find information straight from the DSM, including diagnostic criteria, features, prevalence, and treatment options for agoraphobia. This information covers five common FAQs about agoraphobia that you should know. What Is Agoraphobia? Agoraphobia is defined as a fear of having a panic attack in a situation where it would be challenging or embarrassing to escape. This fear often leads to persistent avoidance behaviors, in which the person begins to stay away from many places and situations in which they fear panic may occur. For example, some commonly avoided circumstances include driving a car, leaving the comfort of home, shopping in a mall, traveling by airplane, or simply being in a crowded area. Due to these avoidance behaviors, the life of a person with agoraphobia can become very restrictive and isolating. Agoraphobia can greatly affect a person’s personal and professional life. For example, heightened fears and avoidance behaviors can make it difficult for a person with agoraphobia to travel for work or to visit with family and friends. Even small tasks, such as going to the store, can become extremely difficult to do. Fear and avoidance can become so severe that the agoraphobic person becomes secluded to their own home. How Is Agoraphobia Different From Other Phobias? The avoidance behaviors present in agoraphobia differ from the diagnostic criteria of a specific phobia. For instance, a person with agoraphobia may avoid traveling by airplane due to a fear of having a panic attack on a plane and not necessarily due to aerophobia, or a fear of flying. Similarly, an agoraphobic may avoid crowds, fearing the embarrassment of having a panic attack in front of a lot of people. Such a fear is not the same as social anxiety disorder, which is a separate mental health condition that involves anxiety about being negatively evaluated by others. Can Agoraphobia Occur Without Panic Disorder? Although rare, it is possible to be diagnosed with agoraphobia without having a history of panic disorder. When this occurs, the person still has a fear of being stuck in a situation where escape would be difficult or humiliating. However, they do not fear to have full-blown panic attacks. Rather, they are afraid of having some of the frightening physical symptoms of panic and anxiety or other intense physical issues, such as vomiting or having a severe migraine. For instance, the person may be afraid that they will lose control of their bladder in public or faint without any help being available. Prevalence Approximately one-third to half of those diagnosed with panic disorder will also develop agoraphobia. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) reports that agoraphobia occurs to approximately 0.8% of adults in the U.S. population in any given year. This condition typically develops in adulthood. However, agoraphobia can emerge earlier in adolescence. Treatment Options If a person does develop agoraphobia with panic disorder, symptoms typically begin to occur within the first year that the person starts having recurring and persistent panic attacks. Agoraphobia can get worse if left untreated. For the best outcomes in managing agoraphobia and panic symptoms, it is important to seek treatment as soon as symptoms arise. Treatment options typically include a combination of both medication and psychotherapy. The treatment process may include some systematic desensitization, in which the agoraphobic person gradually confronts avoided situations. Many times, the person will fare better in facing their fears if accompanied by a trusted friend. Through the support of family and friends and professional help, a person who is struggling with agoraphobia can begin to manage their condition. Through medication and psychotherapy, a person with agoraphobia can expect to eventually experience fewer panic attacks, fewer avoidance behaviors, and a return to a more independent and active life. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

The Geneva Accords of 1954

The Geneva Accords of 1954 were an attempt to end eight years of fighting between France and Vietnam. They did that, but they also set the stage for the American phase of fighting in Southeast Asia. Background Vietnamese nationalist and communist revolutionary Ho Chi Minh expected that the end of World War II on September 2, 1945, would also be the end of colonialism and imperialism in Vietnam. Japan had occupied Vietnam since 1941; France had officially colonized the country since 1887. Because of Hos communist leanings, however, the United States, which had become the leader of the western world after World War II, did not want to see him and his followers, the Vietminh, take over the country. Instead, it approved Frances return to the region. In short, France could wage a proxy war for the U.S. against communism in Southeast Asia. The Vietminh waged an insurgency against France which culminated in the siege of the French base in northern Vietnam at Dienbienphu. A peace conference in Geneva, Switzerland, sought to extricate France from Vietnam and leave the country with a government suitable to Vietnam, Communist China (a Vietminh sponsor), the Soviet Union, and Western governments. Geneva Conference On May 8, 1954, representatives of Democratic Republic of Vietnam (communist Vietminh), France, China, the Soviet Union, Laos, Cambodia, the State of Vietnam (democratic, as recognized by the U.S.), and the United States met in Geneva to work out an agreement. Not only did they seek to extricate France, but they also sought an agreement that would unify Vietnam and stabilize Laos and Cambodia (which had also been part of French Indochina) in the absence of France. The United States committed to its foreign policy of containment of communism and determined not to let any part of Indochina go communist and thereby put the domino theory in play, entered the negotiations with doubt. It also did not want to be a signatory to an agreement with the communist nations. Personal tensions were also rife. U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles reportedly refused to shake the hand of Chinese Foreign Minister Chou En-Lai. Main Elements Of the Agreement By July 20, the contentious meeting had agreed to the following: Vietnam would be divided in half along the 17th Parallel (in the thin neck of the country).The Vietminh would control the northern section, the State of Vietnam would control the south.General elections would occur in both north and south on July 20, 1956, to decide which Vietnam would govern the whole country. The agreement meant the Vietminh, who occupied significant territory south of the 17th Parallel, would have to withdraw to the north. Nevertheless, they believed that the 1956 elections would give them control of all Vietnam. A Real Agreement? Any use of the term agreement with respect to the Geneva Accords must be done loosely. The U.S. and the State of Vietnam never signed it; they simply acknowledged that an agreement had been made between other nations. The U.S. doubted that, without United Nations supervision, any election in Vietnam would be democratic. From the outset, it had not the intention of letting Ngo Dinh Diem, president in the south, call the elections. The Geneva Accords got France out of Vietnam, certainly. However they did nothing to prevent an escalation of discord between free and communist spheres, and they only hastened American involvement in the country.

The Economic Crisis Of Iceland - 931 Words

Even though freedom for the private sector is a virtue, there should be government regulation in place due to corporate official’s inability to satiate their hunger for personal wealth endangering the global economy and the event in 2008 which was the global economic crisis occurring which could have been prevented or at least lessened. Iceland is known for its beautiful landscapes and vast expanses of nature. Human civilization sparsely dots the land creating an aura of solitude everywhere you go. Iceland can boast that it has good education, clean air, and barely any crime. However, in 2000 the government in Iceland initiated a plan for a broad policy of deregulation. Which would begin a set of disastrous events. Iceland began with†¦show more content†¦American accounting firms audited the Icelandic banks and investment firms which found nothing to be out of the ordinary. Credit rating agencies reported that Iceland was blooming in the economy. Credit rating agencies promoted the banks to the highest possible rating of Triple-A in 2007. Then in 2008 Iceland’s banks collapsed causing countless people to lose their savings. Unemployment tripled in the six months. Government regulators, whose job was to ensure financial stability, had done nothing. One third of Iceland’s regulators worked at those banks. This problem exists the U.S. In September of 2008 the U.S. investment bank Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy and the collapse of AIG, the world’s largest insurance company, initiated the global financial crisis. The effect this had on shares globally was catastrophic. This in turn cost the world tens of trillions of dollars, doubling the national debt of the Unites States and rendering thirty million people unemployed. This crisis was not an accident. It was caused by an industry which had no supervision. Since the 1980’s the rise of the U.S. financial sector has led to a series of increasingly dire financial crisis. 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Then in 1992 with the Maastricht treaty a single economy was created along with a single currency (euro) and a regional bank. The EEC established a currency that is a major player in international business. The single currency is good on the domesticRead MoreThe Economic Crash Of The United States And Iceland1555 Words   |  7 PagesThe Economic Crash of 2008 in the United States was caused by subprime mortgages, and the housing market crash, and could’ve been prevented or minimalized by many people within the economy taking pre cautionary actions. The Economic crash of 2008 had effects on nations around the globe. One of the nations that experienced the most difficulties was Iceland. In late September of 2008 the Iceland government had to purchase the nations 3rd largest bank from going bankrupt. â€Å"Iceland†¦was the first countryRead MoreWhat Is The Business Cycle? Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pagesindicators. Development is measured from the trough (or base) of the past business cycle to the pinnacle of the present cycle, while recession is measured from the top to the trough. (n.g., What is the Business Cycle , n.g.) 1.2 Iceland GDP growth The GDP in Iceland progressed 3.7% per year in the second quarter of 2016, abating from an upwardly modified 4.4% development in the past quarter. Net exchange contributed contrarily as fares hindered while imports expanded more on the positive side,

Supersize Me Paper Free Essays

Madison Montz Health Psych Super Size Me Reaction Paper It is no secret that our nation is becoming more and more obese. So what is causing the widespread issue of obesity? Well, there are a variety and combination of reasons such as overeating, lack of exercise, fast food, processed food, dieting, genetics, and sedentary lifestyles. Morgan Spurlock decided to tackle one aspect of this problem with his idea of examining McDonalds. We will write a custom essay sample on Supersize Me Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now He followed three rules as during this journey: he could only eat what was available over the counter, including water, no super sizing unless it was offered, and he had to eat and try every item at least once. Before Spurlock began his McDonalds diet, he went to numerous doctors and nutritionists and everyone told him that he was in shape and in good health. In 30 days, Spurlock consumed as much McDonalds as most nutritionists would advise someone to have in 8 years! He revealed to the public the truth about fast food. Something many already knew, but found it easier to avoid the fattening truth. I was very surprised, not to mention grossed out, to learn that about 95% of the commercials that children see are for foods filled with sugars and fats. Children are bombarded with images of fast food by media advertising. Most Americans understand the marketing strategy of McDonalds: to appeal to the young. That is why they have a clown for a mascot, Happy Meals which include children’s toys, and just about every location has a â€Å"play zone† for kids. The food is fast, comparatively cheap, and hot, which makes it a convenient dinner-choice for parents, especially after a long day. So who is to blame: kids, parents, or the business? In my opinion, it is 100% the parents’ responsibility to see that their children eat well and get adequate nutrition. Children do not have the knowledge, understanding, or maturity to choose what’s healthy to eat; of course they’re going to want food that tastes yummy and appeals to them! Businesses have one main goal in mind: to make money. In fast food, that often equates to using cheap ingredients and doing what it takes to make it taste good so that it is marketable. No business is holding a gun to parents’ (or children’s) heads, forcing them to buy their product. It is the sole responsibility of the parent, who has the knowledge and the maturity, to decide what is healthiest for their child to eat. Fast food companies have even come out with healthier side and drink options for children; instead of French fries, they can have apple slices and instead of shakes or sodas, they can have milk. The parents are the ones ordering the meals and paying for them (with their wallets and their health)! This movie sends the message that eating at McDonalds is a clear and present danger. Super Size Me not only examined the damage a fast food diet is capable of doing to a person, but it shows it visually. I learned that even the McDonalds foods that would be considered healthy, including the yogurt with granola, have more fat than a chocolate or caramel sundae, and even the ketchups are tomato concentrates filled with sugars! Therefore, customers need to closely examine the content of items served at McDonalds and beware of super sizing. I think it is easy to point the finger instead of taking responsibility for oneself and what individuals put into their bodies. In conclusion, Spurlock became addicted to this diet. Food can be much like a drug that the body gets used to. He found that eventually this food pumped him up when he was feeling depressed. That is why people keep coming back to fast food and why Americans are overweight. Junk food is addictive. I believe that overweight people should empower themselves by realizing the solution is simple: by eating healthier, smaller portions and moving more, you will feel better and have more energy! I think McDonalds faces a similar issue that the tobacco companies deal with: people try to sue them for selling them a product that harmed their health, even though the people buying the product knew the dangers but went ahead and did it anyways. It all gets traced back to responsibility. We live in America, the country of the free, and we all make the conscious choice, daily, as to what we’re going to eat that day. Bottom of Form How to cite Supersize Me Paper, Papers

marry Essays - Salem Witch Trials, Mary Eastey, Rebecca Nurse, Towne

Mary Easty, a wealthy mother of seven, was shockingly accused of witchcraft in the infamous Salem Witch Trials. Mass hysteria broke out when Easty, the sister of Rebecca Nurse, was accused of witchcraft. ?Considering the assumption that witchcraft was hereditary, Mary (Towne) Easty was certain to be accused of witchcraft after her sister, Rebecca (Towne) Nurse, was condemned for her unwavering appeal of innocence? (Austin). The Salem Witch Trials were not the greatest part of history, but they mark a knowing for the unknown in the particular situation. Those who were affected were women of the elder age, town crazies, those with a not so clean reputation, and those who resisted against the church and government. The Salem Witch Trials are almost, yet not quite, on the same levels as the Holocaust of World War Two. Easty was clearly innocent of this absurdity, she was wealthy, religious and fit the strict Puritan mold. It is believed that Mary Easty was accused due to jealousy of land and wealth. (Salem Witch Trials - The People - Mary Easty - DiscoverySchool.com) The Easty family had valuable land in Salem Village which made many greedy families, such as the Putnams, want their land. In this case, Putnam didn?t accuse Mrs. Easty, unlike Sarah Osborne?s case, where the Putnams were the main accusers. The Putnam?s seemed to play in the ignorance now known as the Salem Witch Trials. The Easty family was popular by default due to all of the land they own. ?As land became scar...

Ponce De Leon And The Early ExplorationOf Florida Essays

Ponce De Leon And The Early ExplorationOf Florida Essays Ponce de Leon and the Early Explorationof Florida Juan Ponce de Leon was born in 1460, in Tierra de Campos Paleia, in Leon, Spain (Ponce, 1996). He came from a noble family and entered the royal household as a page for Pedro Nunez de Guzman, at the Court of Aragon. Later, young Ponce de Leon would become a solider for Spain and fight in the battles to drive the Moors from Granada (Blassingame, 1991). In 1493, Leon sailed with Christopher Columbus on his second voyage to America (Ponce, 1996). He was a member of the forces that enslaved the Indians in Hispaniola.This was the European and Spanish way. Few explores would look upon the natives they encountered as anything more than talking animals. For the year of 1502 he was a captain under the governor of Hispaniola, Nicolas de Ovando (Thompson, 1990). During his time as captain he would suppress an Indian uprising. For this he was rewarded with the governorship of Higuey (Blassingame, 1991). Ponce de Leon would remain in Hispaniola until 1503. In this year he would be intrigued by the tales of gold to be found in Borinquen, known as the modern Puerto Rico (Ponce, 1994). He sailed to explore and settle the island. He landed on August 12, 1508 and soon conquered the island and was granted governorship of the island. There he carved himself a large estate, where he built a castle (Thompson, 1990). Ovanado was soon replaced with Diego Columbus, as governor of Hispaniola. And Columbus placed Juna Ceron as the new governor of Puerto Rico. For two years Leon fought to keep his governorship, but he was removed from the position. He was advised by King Ferdinand to find new land (Thompson 1990). The Indians of Hispaniola worked as slaves for the Europeans. They would tell great stories of a place called Bimini. It was a land filled with great riches. Ponce de Leon heard a different story from an old Indian woman. She added an interesting twist to her story. In her tale she told him of a magic fountain that turned middle aged and old persons in to young vibrant men and women. If the riches did not attract Ponce de Leon, the story of this fountain did. He was in his fifties and since his political career had failed, he figured, it was as good a time as any to explore the land (1990). Ponce de Leon left San German, Puerto Rico on March 3, 1513 and sailed with a fleet of three ships heading northwest toward Bimini. The chain of seven hundred Bahama islands was on his route but time would not allow him to explore each of them. He did visit the island of San Salvador where Columbus made his first landfall two decades before. The crew sighted the coast of America on March 3, 1513. This was Easter Sunday so he named the land Florida after the Spanish name for Easter, Pascua de Flores (Ponce, 1993). The first sighting took place near present day St. Augustine, which was to be founded fifty-two years later (1990). Six days after they sighted land they found a safe place to dock their ships. The royal banner of Spain was then flown over the new land. They expected the same lack of resistance as they had experienced when they came ashore at Hispaniola, but they were in for a surprise. The natives were fierce fighters and less enthusiastic of the appearance of these strange white men. Although their bow and arrows were not of significance to the Spaniards, but the poisoned arrows they used were. Ponce de Leon only went upon land when it was absolutely necessary. He never had the chance to explore the land for himself (1990). Ponce de Leon felt it was best to find a safer harbor. The fleet sailed south to the modern-day Cape Canaveral. The ships were caught in the strong current of the Gulf Stream which forced them to struggle for weeks along the Florida Keys. Ponce de Leon finally decided to turn around and head home. He was so overwhelmed with his discovery that he sailed directly to Spain (Ponce 1994). Ponce de Leon figured that this

How to Teach the Present Perfect for ESL Students

How to Teach the Present Perfect for ESL Students The present perfect is one of the most difficult tenses to learn for students. Teaching the present perfect effectively involves making sure students understand that the present perfect in English is always connected in some way to the present moment in time. Many languages including French, German, Spanish and Italian use the present perfect for past events. The present perfect in English covers what happens from a past moment to the present moment in time. Establishing this connection in students minds early will help students avoid mistakes. It helps to divide usage into three major areas: 1) From the past until now: Ive lived in New York for twenty years. 2) Life experience: Ive visited every state in the country. 3) Recent past events that influence the present moment: Ive just had lunch. Start by Speaking about Your Experiences Introduce the present perfect by providing three short situations One about life experiences, one speaking about some things that started in the past and continue into the present. Finally, also illustrate the present perfect for events that influence the present moment in time. Speak about yourself, your family or your friends. Life Experience: Ive visited many countries in Europe. Ive been to Germany and France a few times. My wife has also been in Europe quite a lot. However, our daughter has never visited.Past to Present: My friend Tom has a number of hobbies. Hes played chess for more than fifteen years. Hes surfed since he was a little boy, and hes practiced the art of the Japanese tea ceremony since September.Recent Events that Influence the Present:  Wheres Pete? I think hes gone to lunch, but hes been away for about ten minutes. I know hes been to the bank this afternoon so hes probably decided he needs a nice meal.  Ask students about the differences in these forms. Once the differences have been understood, return to your short scenarios and ask students related questions using the present perfect.Life Experience: Ive visited many countries in Europe. Which countries have you visited? Have you ever been to XYZ?Past to Present: My friend Tom has a number of hobbies. Hes played chess for more th an fifteen years. Which hobbies do you have? How long have you done them? Recent Events that Influence the Present:  What have we just studied? Have you understood the form? Explaining the Present Perfect Using the verbs youve introduced, quickly ask students the infinitive form for each verb. (i.e. Which verb is gone? - go, Which verb is bought? - buy, etc.). After having studied the past simple, students should recognize that many past verbs in -ed whereas others have irregular forms. Introduce the past participle form use in the present perfect. Its a good idea to provide an irregular verb sheet for future reference. Use three timelines showing the differences between usages: life experience, past to present, and recent events. At this point in the curriculum, students should easily be able to switch between positive, negative and question forms. However, its important to point out that questions in the present perfect are most often formed with How long for past to present usage, and Have you ever..? for life experiences. Finally, for present perfect that affects the present moment, its important that students understand the differences between the time expressions just, yet and already as well as for and since for past to present. Comprehension Activities Each of these uses of the present perfect can be practiced through present perfect role plays and reading comprehension activities. Its also a good idea to compare and contrast time expressions used for the present perfect and past simple. Present perfect worksheets and quizzes focusing on differences asking students to choose between the present perfect or the past simple will also help. To practice switching between the present perfect and the simple past practice short conversations with Have you ever...? followed by a question asking for specifics with when, or where. Have you ever been to France? - Yes, I have.When did you go there?Have you bought a car? - Yes, I haveWhen did you buy one? Challenges with the Present Perfect Common challenges with the present perfect include: Use of present perfect for events that happened in the pastSwitching between present perfect and past simple fluidlyUse of yet and already in questions, negative and positive formsUse of since with dates and for with periods of time

Educational psychology - Investigate theories of teaching and learning Assignment

Educational psychology - Investigate theories of teaching and learning and how those impact on the classroom environment - Assignment Example If the teacher could implement his/her lessons using the appropriate theory as underpinning, successful teaching and learning process will take place. Let us investigate the two major theories in education and the implications of these theories in the classroom environment – and the teaching and learning process as a whole. The two main theories in the teaching and learning process are: Behaviorism, also known as a subject-centered theory and Constructivism which is known to be a student-centered theory. Behaviorism Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable and measurable aspects of human behavior. In defining behavior, behaviorist learning theories emphasize changes in behavior that result from stimulus-response associations made by the learner. Behavior is directed by stimuli. An individual selects one response instead of another because of prior conditioning and psychological drives existing at the moment of the action (Parkay & Hass, 2000). There are two main theo ries under behaviourism: Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning. Classical conditioning hearkens back to the experiment done by Ivan Pavlov. There are three things involved in this experiment, the dog, the bell, and the food. At first Pavlov rang the bell then gave some food to the dog. He repeated the procedure for a couple of times. Then he observed that each time that he rang the bell, the dog will salivate then he will give the food. After he did these things again and again, whenever he rang the bell, the dog will salivate even without the presence of the food. Pavlov uses the bell to serve as a stimulus to get the response from the dog which is ‘salivating’. Thus, relating this theory to the classroom situation, if teachers would positively reciprocate the good behavior, students will automatically think that if ever they want to be rewarded, or they want to get something, they must first practice a good behavior. B.F. Skinner developed a more comprehensi ve view of conditioning – the Operant conditioning. on the other hand involves the use of reinforcement to encourage behaviors. This theory was based on the belief that satisfying responses are conditioned while unsatisfying ones are not. . Operant conditioning is the rewarding of part of a desired behavior or a random act that approaches it. Skinner remarked that "the things we call pleasant have an energizing or strengthening effect on our behavior" (Skinner, 1972, p. 74). There is what we call the positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement comes in the form of prize, praises, a simple tap at the back, and rewards. Negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior. Negative implies removing a consequence that a student finds unpleasant. Skinner believed the habits that each of us develops result from our unique operant learning experiences (Shaffer, 2000). With these practices in mind, the behaviorist point of view assumes that hum an behavior can be learned and unlearned. A key element to this theory of learning is the rewarded response. The desired response must be rewarded in order for learning to take place (Parkay & Hass, 2000). Relating this theory in the classroom setting and academic conventions, a teacher who adopts behaviorism uses the system of reward and punishment inside the classroom. S/he rewards desirable behaviors that s/he wishes to strengthen and punishes undesirable

Should immigration rights be stricter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Should immigration rights be stricter - Essay Example People from all over the world migrating to the host country introduce their own cultural aspects into the host society. Immigrants are one reason why language has changed in dialect and variety in many countries over the decades, that have been some of the top destinations for immigrants e.g. the UK, the USA, Australia, and Canada. It cannot be generalized or established that the effect of this change in culture of the host country is good or bad; in some ways it is good whereas in other ways it is bad. It also depends upon the interests of the institutions or organizations conducting the analysis. For example, when a country has a predominantly Christian population, people might encourage the enforcement of stricter immigrant rights particularly for the illegal immigrants; â€Å"Illegal immigration is the antithesis of Christianity†¦It’s a gross mischaracterization of Christianity to apply it to tolerating the mass lawlessness, death and damages involved in illegal imm igration† (Gheen cited in Piccalo) whereas film industry would have the opposite stance because the greater the variety of cultures in the society, the more vibrant the ideas and the more rampant the resources. Immigrants have a tendency to utilize all resources of the host culture, but not blend into the host culture in a way that makes them compromise their original values (â€Å"The truth about†). Many immigrants coming from predominantly Hindu or Muslim countries with conservative values tend to maintain their unique identity even as they start living in the western culture. This comes as a hurdle in their social integration. It not only makes them vulnerable to racism, but also increases their tendency to engage in the acts of racism consciously or unconsciously while socializing with the people of the host country. The immigrants prefer to retain their original values not necessarily because they have lived with those values all

Hamlet: The Dionysian Character Essay -- GCSE Coursework Shakespeare H

Hamlet: The Dionysian Character      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet, from Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Hamlet, is the embodiment of the Dionysian man. Time and time again, Hamlet displays the traits of Frederick Nietzche's Dionysian individual: Hamlet's inability to think rationally, his illusion between his emotional reality and true reality, his rejection of pleasurable human desires, his impotent personality prevents action, and his realization that if justice is brought to his uncle, that will not change what has already happened (The Birth of Tragedy, section 7) (Dictionary.com, "dionysian"). Hamlet exemplifies these characteristics throughout the play, which ultimately bring about his own death. Had Hamlet's character embraced physical action rather Dionysian thought, the "something rotten" in the state of Denmark would not have led to his own self destruction (HAMLET, 1.4, 96).    Hamlet's inability to think rationally plagues him through the entire play. If Hamlet had not sworn to his father's ghost to avenge his death, he could have instead confronted Claudius about the matter instead of thinking irrationally by plotting and testing his uncle for guilt (1.5, 94-114). Earlier in the play, Hamlet has the first player "speak the speech" that he has told him to speak in "The Mouse-trap," which he uses to determine Claudius's guilt in his father's death. Hamlet believes that this modification to the play will incite a reaction from King Claudius, which it in fact does, but the king's words of "Give me some light: away!" is not adequate evidence to prove Claudius's guilt of his father's death nor does it appear to anyone, besides Hamlet, as a rational method for testing his guilt (3.2, 256). Shortly after the play in Hamlet, Hamlet proc... ...ented with a situation in which they need to take action, the Dionysian person is unable to take the correct action at the necessary time in order to do justice to the situation. Thinking about the situation and not acting will do nothing for the Dionysian individual except satisfy the indulgence of thought. This is Hamlet's downfall; he cannot act at the necessary time and change his own fate.    Sources Cited Dictionary.com Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Birth of Tragedy. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Hoy, Cyrus, ed.   Hamlet: An Authoritative Text, Intellectual Backgrounds, Extracts from the Sources, Essays in Criticism.   New York: W. W. Norton & Co., Inc., 1963. Shakespeare, William. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Updated Fourth Edition. Ed. David Bevington. New York: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc., 1997.

Peter Kolchin, American Slavery

For the past quarter century Edmund S. Morgan has been one of the most prolific and respected authors of early American history. This is an excellent, in depth survey of Virginia?s colonial experience, with an emphasis on how the seemingly contradictory institutions of slavery and equalitarian republicanism developed simultaneously. Indeed, Morgan argues that Virginians? definition of freedom, and their very ability to establish a republican political system, rested upon the creation of African slavery. Morgan shows that institutionalized slavery did not necessarily have to become part of British colonization; the earliest Englishmen to dream of a colonial empire hoped for the establishment of a utopian community in which natives could benefit from enlightened English governance that recognized the inherent rights of all men. Early English explorers even helped to organize revolts against the Spanish by their slaves in Latin America, and while they were motivated by their own interests in doing so, they clearly were willing to treat their slave co-conspirators as equals. However, the utopian phase of colonization died with the failed settlement at Roanoke in the 1580s. The founders of Jamestown quickly learned racism towards the Indians, whom Morgan speculates they goaded into warfare out of frustration at their own inability to support themselves. The settlement eventually became prosperous as the colonists learned to produce tobacco for market, but it was hardly the ideal society envisioned by the founders. Labor shortages were endemic, as to make a profit planters needed to control a large number of indentured servants. Unfortunately (for the planters), laborers needed only to serve for a limited period before setting up business for themselves, and thus creating competition for the planters. To check this competition, planters made it difficult for freedmen to buy lands of their own (land was plentiful, but acreage with access to shipping had been almost totally monopolized by the large planters), which resulted in freedmen foregoing planting, and becoming lazy, shiftless, and at times rebellious. Moreover, planters treated their indentured servants so poorly that as news of their condition drifted back to England, fewer of the mother country?s poor were willing to indenture themselves, especially as the burdens of overpopulation were being reduced at home.

Aggression and Emotional Intelligence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1176 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/06 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Emotional Intelligence Essay Did you like this example? It is a word which we use almost every day to characterize the behavior of other people and sometimes even for ourselves. Aggression is a range of behaviors that is intended to harm another individual who does not wish to be harmed. This definition includes three features. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Aggression and Emotional Intelligence" essay for you Create order Aggression is how you respond or behave and you can see it in a persons behavior. For example- you can see a person hitting, slapping, shooting and cursing someone. It is not an emotion that is taking place inside a person, such as feeling angry. Second feature is that it is intentional not accidental, such as a player accidentally broke leg of another player, it was not showing aggression. Although harm was happened but there was no intent to harm. In addition to that, not all intentional behavior that hurt other persons are aggressive behavior la dentist might intentionally give a patient a shot of novocaine (and the shot hurts), but the goal is to help rather than hurt the patient. Third, the victim doesnt want to get harmed. Aggression can harm the other person as well as yourself physically, mentally or psychologically. FACTORS THAT LEADS TO AGGRESSION 1) CHEMICAL INFLUENCES Testosterone- This is a male sex hormone which is found in both males and females, but males have more amount of it. Thats the reason why males are more aggressive. High level of testosterone can increase the aggressive behavior. Reduction in level of testosterone even through castration reduces aggressive behavior.- Serotonin- In the brain, information is communicated between neurons (nerve cells) by the movement of chemicals across a small gap called the synapse. The chemical messengers are called neurotransmitters. Serotonin is one of those neurotransmitter which has been called the feel good neurotransmitter. Low level of serotonin reduces the aggressive behavior in both humans and animals. For example- violent criminals have deficit of serotonin- Alcohol- Alcohol is associated with aggressive and violent behavior. Half of the crimes are committed by individual who are intoxicated. Alcohol doesnt causes, it increases violent and aggressive tendencies.- Cor tisol- It is the human stress hormone. Aggressive people having low cortisol level experience low level of stress because of it they do not have fear of the consequences of their behavior. So, they are more likely to get engaged in aggressive behavior. 2) AGGRESSIVE CUES Weapons- seeing a weapon and mere presence of a weapon increases aggression, it is an effect which is called weapons effect.- Violent media- In media, including television programs, films and video games, violence is a common theme. It is found in studies that violent media increases aggression. Not everyone who sees violent media becomes aggressive, and not everyone who is aggressive sees violent media. Media violence is not the only factor that causes aggression, but it is an important factor. 3) PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS Drive/Psychological frustrations- When people are blocked from achieving their goals it leads to frustration which can consequently lead to aggression. It is an expression to the frustration of a goal oriented behavior by an outside source. Such goals include basic requirements like food, shelter, food, water, sex, love or recognition. Individuals stuck in negative situations where they only see negativity feel threatened and as a result respond in aggressive manners. Therefore, aggressive manner in this case is a result of a reaction to a situation in which an individual is in.- Social learning- People may acquire aggressive behaviors through experience or observational learning processes. This provides guidelines for describing beliefs as well as expectations that channel social behaviors. The social influences such as role models, reinforcements and situational factors contribute to expression of aggressive behaviors. Children learn to be aggressive when they observe violence in mass media and therefore learn aggressive scripts. Moreover, observation of violence in the family may result to aggressive behaviors in children (Anderson Bushman, 2002).- Deindividuation- When people are in large groups or crowds, they tend to lose a sense of their individuality or self-awareness. They instead take the identity of the group in which they are in and as a result stop thinking as an individual and instead think as a group. This leads to committing acts of aggression and violence that they would normally not do when they are alone. They do not take responsibility for their aggressive acts since they have lost their individual sense that others are aware of them and also their own sense and thus not being aware of their thoughts or actions (British Broadcasting Corporation, 2003 ). EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE:Emotional Intelligence refers to the capability to identify, manage and control ones own emotions as well as of others. This term was first appeared in English literature was in an unpublished doctoral dissertation by Payne in 1986 (Matthews, et al., 2002). Since then, it has captured the interest of both press (e.g. Goleman, 1995; CooperSawaf, 1997; Hein, 1997; Stiener, 1997; Wessinger, 1998) and of scientific researchers (e.g. Davis et al. 1998; Mayer, Caruso and Salovey, 2000; Petrides and Furnham, 2001, 2002). COMPONENTS OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE According to Daniel Goleman, there are five key elements of emotional intelligence: 1) Self-awareness- It the ability to recognize and understand your own emotions, is a critical part of emotional intelligence. Not only recognizing your emotions, it is being aware of the effect of your own actions, moods, and emotions of other people. Person who possess this self-awareness have a good sense of humor, are confident in themselves and their abilities, and are aware of how other people perceive them. 2) Self-regulation- It is all about expressing your emotions appropriately. Those who are skilled in self-regulation tend to be flexible and adapt well to change. They are also good at managing conflict and diffusing tense or difficult situations. Goleman suggests that those with strong self-regulation skills are high in conscientiousness. They are thoughtful of how they influence others and take responsibility for their own actions. 3) Empathy- It is the ability to understand how others are feeling, is absolutely critical to emotional intelligence. But this involves more than just being able to recognize the emotional states of others. It also involves your responses to people based on this information. An empathetic person has compassion and is able to connect with other people on an emotional level, helping them respond genuinely to other peoples concerns. 4) Motivation- Intrinsic motivation also plays a key role in emotional intelligence. People who are emotionally intelligent are motivated by things beyond mere external rewards like fame, money, recognition, and a claim. Instead, they have a passion to fulfill their own inner needs and goals. They seek things that lead to internal rewards, experience flow from being totally in tune with an activity, and pursue peak experiences. 5) Social Skills- To interact well with others is another important aspect of emotional intelligence. True emotional understanding in People who are emotionally intelligent are able to build trust with other people, and are able to quickly gain respect from the people they meet. People who are emotionally intelligent are able to build trust with other people, and are able to quickly gain respect from the people they meet.

The Age Of Enlightenment By Thomas Jefferson - 1002 Words

As Pema Chodron once said, â€Å"whatever is happening is the path to enlightenment†. Our knowledge of self leads us on the path to awareness, wisdom, and understanding. The Age of Enlightenment emphasized solely on humanism through aspects of great thinkers. The 18th century movement was to improve how humanity operated as a whole. However, establishing a governing system was also important. Today the â€Å"Declaration of Independence† would be known today as our nation’s foundation. Established July 4th 1776 this sacred document would shed different viewpoints on our founding fathers. Like many intellectual thinkers, Thomas Jefferson was an important contributor to the movement in his own right. He was a draftsman and he didn’t use any books to help him write the Declaration. However, through the developing and drafting of this founding document. Jefferson invites the reader to develop the theme of his humanistic values and thoughts toward humanity. Jef ferson also enlightens his readers through developing his own concepts of natural rights, equality, enslavement, and religious liberty. Which prompts him to set the foundation on today’s new nation. As well as, having one of the most prominent impacts on today’s history. Throughout Jefferson’s early days, he’d read many important books. He’d also discussed ideas about equal rights with other delegates. However, throughout the writing of the Declaration of Independence Jefferson combines his wisdom of the enlightenment with his ownShow MoreRelatedThomas Jefferson Declaration Of Religion Essay785 Words   |  4 PagesIn his self-authored epitaph, Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) describes himself as the â€Å"author of the Declaration of American Independence, of the statute for religious freedom, and father of the University of Virginia.† (Collins 37). Jefferson is established in American history for his accomplishments and beliefs that have had a tremendous impact on the meaning and understanding of religion today. Known as the primary author of the Declaration of Independence, one of the Founding Fathers of theRead More Age of Reason Essay example1161 Words   |  5 Pages An Age of Reason â€Å"Those who can make you believe absurdities can make you commit atrocities.† This brief quotation was spoken by the famous writer and philosopher Voltaire; I believe it vaguely points out that some people are full of absurd ideas, and for others to follow such nonsense is foolish. The quote is just a taste of Voltaire’s wisdom and knowledge of the world, during the Age of Reason. The Age of Reason or The Enlightenment is defined as a change in not just a way of thinkingRead MoreThinkers Of The Enlightenment Essay711 Words   |  3 Pagesrevolution, the Enlightenment brought new ideas and different ways of thinking to the growing modern society. The enlightenment was an intellectual movement that spread throughout western civilization starting around 1650 CE. Who were the most influential thinkers of the Enlightenment? Well, many different individuals had a great impact on this movement. They contributed their ideas and spoke for their personal beliefs. Three of t he most influential thinkers of the enlightenment were Mary WollstonecraftRead MoreThe Enlightenment Principles Of Rationalism And Universal Rights1684 Words   |  7 PagesThe Enlightenment period was a revolutionary time where scientific and rational thought became the chief values of society. Thinkers such as John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau were signposts of this era, inspiring populations locally and abroad. This revolution of ideas led to political and societal upheaval throughout the Western world. This essay will argue that the Enlightenment principles of rationalism and universal rights shaped modern Europe and North America through the rejection of absolutistRead MoreThomas Jefferson s Influence On The American Revolution1495 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Jefferson was not just a Founding Father of the United States of America. He played a key role in the politics surrounding the American Revolution, but he also had various other accomplishments. Jefferson was also associated with the Enlightenment era. Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743 and died on July 4, 1826. He lived in Virginia, where he built his estate, Monticello. Jefferson was born at the Shadwell Plantation near Charlottesville, Virginia to Peter Jefferson and JaneRead MorePhilosophy Of The Enlightenment1276 Words   |  6 PagesThe Enlightenment movement of the 18th century deeply influenced Jefferson and the other founders. The Jeffersonian Enlightenment states that liberty and equality were natural human right. The philosophy strongly influenced Jefferson’s ideas about freedom and slavery. Those who supported slavery stated that liberty was a natural human right. The Enlightenment Age major ideas were to promote a confidence in mental analysis and reason so that it would bring happiness and allow humanity to progressRead MoreThe Enlightenment And The Enlightenment907 Words   |  4 PagesThe Enlightenment was an intellectual movement during the 17th and 18th century when the philosophers and scientists started examining the world through human intellect and reason. It is a new way of thinking which allowed human improvement. Gen erally, the enlightenment thinkers thought without prejudice. This cultural movement led to many new developments, ideas, and inventions in science, art, politics and philosophy. Reason guides human affairs. Science over religion, belief in freedom, libertyRead MoreThe Influence Of The American Revolution And The Enlightenment799 Words   |  4 Pagesbehind the country. The Enlightenment, also called the Age of Reason, influenced the rest of the world during the late eighteenth century. There were several revolutions taking place at this time, but the American Revolution was at the forefront of them all. The Thirteen Colonies’ revolt from Britain has become a hallmark in world history. When the United States officially broke their allegiance to Great Britain in 1776, it signified that the ideals of the Enlightenment, such as having checks onRead MoreThe British Enlightenment And The American Revolution1538 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Revolution was a product of the British Enlightenment as well as both American and British history. The Enlightenment was age of innovation taking place during the 17th and 18th centuries. During this period there were great advancements in science that pushed back religious superstitions, as well as developments in economics and political thinking. (lecture) The British Enlightenment specifically had a la rge impact on the American Revolution with key figures such as John Locke. HisRead MoreOverview of The Enlightenment Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesThe Enlightenment was a period of history throughout the mid-decades of the seventeenth century and during the course of the eighteenth century, in which intense revolutions in science, philosophy, society and politics occurred. This part of history was important because it was an enormous departure from the Middle Ages. Seldom before and after this time, did the Church have as much power as it did during the Enlightenment. There were three main eras of the Enlightenment: The Early Enlightenment

Should Abortion Be Legal - 911 Words

Abortion, to some it is the murder of an innocent fetus with a heartbeat. To others it is considered an option to be freed from the responsibilities of parenthood. We all have different views that can be controversial to the opinions of others. Yet, there are proven facts and cases where making abortion illegal is the best decision. Propaganda for Prolife is everywhere, but is there enough to show the world how wrong abortion is? I believe there is not, yet there are some very emotional advertisements that can change your whole perspective. Abortion should be considered illegal because it is considered murder and can have severe consequences for woman, and there are other options to chose instead of abortion. Abortion should be illegal, it is murdering of an innocent fetus. If a man were to kill another man, the murderer would be arrested and could possibly be given a lifetime sentence in prison. So when did man killing a baby become acceptable? In America, there are approximately 1. 2 million abortions per year. Doctors have concluded that a baby’s heart is formed right after fertilization. Abortions can legally occur within twenty-four weeks of gestation, which is in the second trimester. I found an ad of an aborted fetus in its first trimester, ten weeks. It shows a quarter and little hands, arms, and feet surrounding the quarter. This ad shows that indeed, abortion is wrong because we are allowing the murder of a fetus that already developed arms, hands and fingers. ItShow MoreRelatedAbortion Should Not Be Legal1647 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most highly debated topics is abortion and whether or not it should be legal. People who oppose abortion, meaning they are pro-life claim that abortion should be completely illegal with no aspects of it whatsoever; it can be a murder for the people standing against it. The other side of the argument, meaning people who are pro-choice, defend it by believing it to be a right been given to the women. They al so claim even if abortion was to be illegal, it would still be practiced. EveryRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Legal920 Words   |  4 Pagesworld has struggled with for ages and one thing that people are advocating around the world for is abortion. Abortion is either a procedure or pill that stops a fetus s heart. Abortion should not be legal because life beings at creation, abortions are a direct violation of the 14th amendment, and thousands of people would love to adopt a child: handicapped or otherwise. Abortion should not be legal because life begins at creation. What is creation? Some people say conception, but it actually isRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Legal Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pages Abortions have been performed on women for thousands of years. Abortion is the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy. Most often it is performed during the first 20 weeks of being pregnant. The controversy over whether or not abortion should be legal continues to divide Americans till this day. An important landmark case was the Roe v. Wade case, where the Court argued that the zone of privacy was broad enough to encompass a woman s decision whether or not to terminateRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1320 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion, as you all may know, is a really popular topic. There have long been many debates between the two groups, pro-life and pro-choice. People who are pro-life believe that part of the government’s job is to protect all forms of human life. Those who are pro-choice believe that every individual should have control over their own reproductive systems. Pro-life supporters strongly believe that even an undeveloped fetus has lif e; it is still growing and it needs to be protected. And this soundsRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1135 Words   |  5 PagesKelsi Hodgkin Composition 1 Professor Chipps 19 October 2015 Should Abortion Be Legal A common debate in the world today involves abortion, the deliberate end of human pregnancy, and whether or not it should be legalized. â€Å"Every year in the world there are an estimated 40-50 million abortions. This corresponds to approximately 125,000 abortions per day† (â€Å"Abortions Worldwide this Year†). On one side of the argument, people are not disturbed by this grotesque number, and on theRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?963 Words   |  4 PagesLegal or Illegal? Which would you prefer? Not many are willing to discuss such a gut wrenching topic, but this needs to be addressed. It is a very controversial topic with having to do with women rights and activists. Since there are two sides to every argument, there is one side such as to make abortion legal and the opposing side to keep abortions illegal. In my opinion making abortion illegal can regulate the amount of women who do get pregnant. I believe that making abortions legal will let womenRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?867 Words   |  4 PagesABORTION Abortion is a deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. There are series of legal, moral and ethical issues which may arise about abortion. Most arguments about abortion are often focused on political insinuations and the legal aspect of such actions. Some frequently asked questions’ regarding the issue is if the practice should be outlawed and regarded as murder or should women have the right to practice it. For example, prior toRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1217 Words   |  5 PagesNovember 2015 Should Abortion be Legal Among all the issues that have been fought for or against in the United States, abortion may be one of the most popular issues that Americans are passionate about. Abortion is defined as the removal of the embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy. Thousands of abortions take place every single day, and yet public opinion remains at a standstill as to whether or not abortion is ethical. Everyone holds different opinions on abortion. The proponentsRead MoreShould Abortions Be Legal?939 Words   |  4 PagesShould abortions be legal? Abortions have been a big issue since the Roe v Wade case. There have been a lot of disagreements between the Pro-life supporters and the pro-choice supporters. Pro-life supporters feel like abortions deter murder, while pro-choice supporters believe that the women should be able to make their own decisions. I am a part of the pro-life supporters because I feel like abortions are wrong for several of reasons. Why should women get an abor tion if there are other choices forRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal? Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesWhen the word abortion is heard, it is always associated with many negative things such as murder and inhumanity. However not legalizing abortion creates a huge problem for women around the world. Having a child takes consideration, planning and preparation and if pregnancy happens without any of this, why bother to have it at all? The reasons why abortion should be legal is that it supports the fundamental human rights for women by giving them a choice, it reduces crime by reducing the number of

Terra Gatson Essay Free Essays

They similar because they tend have we as people questioning and have also different perceptions about the world we live in. Hey both were misled as to what the world we live in is and how it operates as a whole. There are also other topics as well that can be pointed to show exactly what else can be depicted about the comparison between them. We will write a custom essay sample on Terra Gatson Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Matrix is Greek philosophy which is very interesting to a lot of people. The definition behind is the idea of freeing one’s soul or mind as even presented in the Allegory of Cave is a well-known idea attached to Greek philosophy. The difference between them is that The Matrix and The Plat’s tend to have reasons that justify and reasons as to why they tend to do what they do. It is something that they come up to make whatever wrong they are doing to give a good reasons as to why they are doing it. Seems like a wrong thing to do, but looking at my life I have ran into a lot of people that make up excuses to cover their behinds so others will be believers of their wrongs. A wrong is a wrong and a right is a right not the other way around. The bible is a great source to find out the truth to a lot so if you want to know if something is true pick up a bible to retrieve some of your information so you will have a better understanding. At the end of the Matrix we were left with a piece to my understanding that had me thinking we were living in a computer based world but looked passed it, but it sometimes have me thinking. The Matrix is really based on Descartes which is about the human race being deceived in many different ways. Many scientist research a lot to prove that we are not living in this or that but it is left to only one person to determine what our lives are and that is the man up above. I have my doubts about a lot but I know God is the reason for everything but would have to say were are not computer based which is my opinion and I’m sticking to it. The world that we are living in today is a test of our faith but the devil will not take the faith that I have in my awesome God because I know it is him who has watched over me for 21 years ND I love him for that. I WOUld have to say for me that the in question three that I don’t like either but if I had to decide would say Ignorance is bliss because it’s something I tend to say a lot. I don’t want to dwell on that topic because the most important one is question and I think it was covered well. The three synopsis were good but its nothing like watching the actual movie to get every fine detail as to why this happened and how it actually occurred, but the synopsis was great to go by because I’m sure everyone doesn’t have time to look at three movies in a week. How to cite Terra Gatson Essay, Essays

Online Spatial Delivery System Management in Cloud Computing

Question: Discuss about the Online Spatial Delivery System for Management in Cloud Computing. Answer: Introduction Online Spatial Delivery System (OSDS) is based on the cloud model Platform as a Service (PaaS) ("What is SPI model (SaaS, PaaS, IaaS)? - Definition from WhatIs.com", 2016). There are a lot many entities that are involved in the implementation and migration of OSDS to cloud such as remote administration, resource management, SLA management, application resilience, backup and disaster recovery. Each of these processes plays an important role in the entire project and needs to be taken seriously and executed with perfection. Remote Administration Remote Administration is the process of controlling a computer from a remote location (cbigconsulting.com, 2016). OSDS will be migrated to a cloud provider and it would have a single or multiple administrators which may or may not belong to a single location. DSI is a huge department and is expanded to a large geographical area. With the applicability of cloud computing in its structure, it would be possible to easily access the information from a remote location and hence, administration would also be allowed from anywhere and at any time. For OSDS, it would be advantageous for the following reasons: Increased efficiency Remote administration would allow increased efficiency and would also save costs. Manual tracking and compiling could be avoided and the resources can be utilized elsewhere. Proactive maintenance Common irregularities and errors can be detected at all the time and an immediate action can be taken. It would help in minimizing the downtime and the impact of any attack. Gain essential insights Remote monitoring and administration would allow gaining an insight to the details of the network and areas that would require improvements. Minimal business interruption Network and other issues can be fixed in a quick turnaround time and it would cause minimal impact to the loss in business. Availability and reliability of the service would surely increase by a good percentage. Resource Management Resource Management is another key area for DSI that needs to be effectively managed in OSDS. There are a number of key resources that may be involved in the OSDS project for DSI. Resource Management Structure in OSDS DSI There are a set of questions that need to be answered to have an efficient resource management strategy in place. Does DSI have a resource tagging startegy? Is there an internal resource management system in place for OSDS and is it linked with the overal DSI model? Is there a policy to identify and allocate the resources correctly? Is there sufficient metadata and service specific instances for the resources? (s3.amazonaws.com, 2016) There are a number of advantages for resource management as: There would be a complete visbility of resource utilization. There would a minimal reliance on the manual processes for resource tracking with automated and searchable resource profiles. Efficiency and productivity would also be increased with the help of an automated resource management process. Centralized resource management and deployment would be extremely useful for DSI to keep a track of resources through an automated system (Netsuite.com, 2016). SLA Management SLA stands for Service Level Agreement which is a written contract between the two parties as the service provider and the end user. SLA in the case of OSDS would be signed between the cloud provider and DSI. Levels of SLA in SLA Management OSDS is based on cloud computing which makes use of shared resources. The primary level in this case is Service based SLA (Bose et al., 2011). SLA management for OSDS would be based upon the following: Service deisgn negotiated and agreed with the cloud provider Supply management process for supply of the services Roles and responsibilities of all the resources such as project owner, manager and various teams involved Service agreement record holding any of the management related and relevant information Service catalog providing the service description, cost and schedule constraints High level process flow chart covering critical success factors and processes Performance indicators (mitsm.de, 2016) Application Resilience OSDS has a list of High Availability (HA) requirements and specifications. There are a number of stepping stones to infrastructure that would help DSI to meet these requirements in a cost effective manner. An effective strategy to maintain and manage all the HA requirements would include redundancy of instances, incorporation of multiple availability zones in a particular region, load balancing, auto scaling, accurate monitoring and data recovery in a region. It is required to ensure that all the critical areas and single points of failures should be carefully assessed. The strategy would not only focus upon the measures to cover every single component and its recoverability but also the methods to ensure that the application is quickly recovered. The strategy would include the following: Design of a fault tolerant application in the cloud to ensure complete availability and reliabilty of the service Use of best practices Storage and backup options Cloud architecture Data Storage and Backup OSDS would deal with huge chunks of data on a day to day basis. The use of Big Data tools would be applicable to manage this data with the help of certain tools. Two of these tools and strategies have been decscribed below: Hadoop Hadoop is an open source tool that is used to store, back-up and manage Big Data. It is written in JAVA and comes with a number of different advantages. Hadoop is extremely scalable in nature and enables businesses to run applications on thousands of nodes involving thousands of terabytes of data. It is also very cost-effective storage solution as compared to the other techniques. It is based on distributed file systems which makes it fast and flexible in nature. Fault tolerance is another feature that comes handy with Hadoop (ITProPortal, 2013). Hyperscale Storage Architecture It makes use of Direct-attached storage (DAS) which are used to power Big Data analytics environments. If a component suffers a breakdown the workload fails over to another node and the entire unit is replaced rather than just the component within. Added to this is the capability to link via APIs to Hadoop and other big data analytics engines that allow data to be interrogated where it resides. Hyperscale is used to easily store and manage the Big Data across several different environments (ComputerWeekly, 2016). Disaster Recovery OSDS makes use of cloud computing which in turn is based on virtualization. The approach that is followed in such a case is entirely different as compared to the standard approach. In case of virtualization, All the components of the system that is whole of the server along with the operating system, applications, every chunk of data and all of the patches are bundled on a single software or on a virtual server. It is possible to bring the whole of the virtual server in just a few minutes or a very short span of time. Virtual server is not dependent on the hardware in any manner and it thus, allows the possibility to transfer from one data center to another data center with extreme ease. Reloading of each component would not be necessary. Recovery time in case of disaster recovery is also reduced by a great margin. With the huge change that is seen in the IT disaster recivery when the cloud computing is involved, network replication becomes the critical path. With fast server recovery at an offsite data center, the critical path for a disaster recovery operation is replicating the production network at the DR site including IP address mapping, firewall rules VLAN configuration (Onlinetech.com, 2016). Conclusions Opportunities and Risks OSDS for DSI is based on the Paas model of cloud computing. Remote administration and efficient resource management would lead to increase in productivity and efficiency and would also help in the cost savings. SLA management in OSDS would primarily be service level SLA and would comprise of the service design along with the roles and responsibilities, performance indicators and a lot of information. Application resilience would focus upon the high availability requirements. The options for backup and disaster recovery have been suggested through the Big Data tools such as Hadoop and Hyperscale. There are a lot many risks that are involved with OSDS which revolve around data protection and information security. Shared access, increased cost and time, authentication and access control, unauthorized access along with the legislation and regulatory information are some of the risks that are involved with the cloud computing model in OSDS ("Risks of cloud computing | Queensland Governmen t", 2016). References Bose, S., Pasala, A., Ramanujam A, D., Murthy, S. and Malaiyandisamy, G. (2011). SLA Management in Cloud Computing: A Service Provider's Perspective. Cloud Computing, pp.413-436. cbigconsulting.com,. (2016). Retrieved 20 May 2016, from https://www.cbigconsulting.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Advantages-of-Remote-Administration.pdf Big data storage choices. (2016). ComputerWeekly. Retrieved 20 May 2016, from https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Big-data-storage-choices itportal.com,. (2016). Retrieved 20 May 2016, from https://://www.itproportal.com/2013/12/20/big-data-5-major-advantages-of-hadoop Service Level Agreement Management. (2016). Mitsm.de. Retrieved 20 May 2016, from https://www.mitsm.de/service-level-agreement-management-en Resource Management, Resource Utilization, Resource Management System - NetSuite. (2016). Netsuite.com. Retrieved 20 May 2016, from https://www.netsuite.com/portal/products/srp/resource-management.shtml Benefits of Disaster Recovery in Cloud Computing. (2016). Onlinetech.com. Retrieved 20 May 2016, from https://www.onlinetech.com/resources/references/benefits-of-disaster-recovery-in-cloud-computing s3.amazonaws.com,. (2016). Retrieved 20 May 2016, from https://s3.amazonaws.com/awsmedia/AWS_Operational_Checklists.pdf Risks of cloud computing | Queensland Government. (2016). Business.qld.gov.au. Retrieved 20 May 2016, from https://www.business.qld.gov.au/business/running/technology-for-business/cloud-computing-business/cloud-computing-risks What is SPI model (SaaS, PaaS, IaaS)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. (2016). SearchCloudComputing. Retrieved 20 May 2016, from https://searchcloudcomputing.techtarget.com/definition/SPI-model

How Does Branding Affect Consumer Buying Behaviour free essay sample

A Preliminary Examination of Berry, Seiders and Grewal’s (2002) Five Dimensional Measure of Convenience in a Service Setting Yi-Wei Chang, Michael Jay Polonsky, Olga Junek, Victoria University Abstract Convenience the ability to reduce consumer’s time and energy costs in purchasing or using goods and services has become an important attribute for time poor consumers. Berry, Seiders and Grewal (2002) proposed that convenience can be measured as a five dimensional construct comprising decision, access, transaction, benefit, and post-benefit. This paper examines the empirical reliability and validity of Berry et al’s five dimensions within one service setting. The results of a survey with 443 service consumers found that the five measures were all reliable (i. e. an alpha of above . 60) and discriminate validity held (correlations below . 85). These items warrant additional empirical evaluation in other settings to determine their generalisabiliy. Introduction Consumers’ time scarcity results in a ‘time-buying’ consumer who desires to purchase and use goods or services that assist in time and effort (Berry and Cooper, 1990). We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Branding Affect Consumer Buying Behaviour? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page writing services monmouth university This demand for convenience has resulted in an increased number of businesses focusing on satisfying consumers’ demands with goods and services which are able to reduce the time and energy spent during the consumer’s buying process (Shaheed, 2004). Traditionally convenience has been defined as a single construct, one that is driven by time-saving considerations (Brown and McEnally, 1992). However some researchers have suggested that convenience is multidimensional (Berry and Cooper, 1990). Past research has focused almost exclusively on examining factors that increase the demand for convenience goods or services that reduce consumers’ time expenditure (Brown and McEnally, 1992) rather than examining the role of convenience as attribute of goods and services (Berry et al, 2002; Brown, 1990, 1989; Yale and Venkatesh, 1986). More recently, Berry et al (2002) proposed a multidimensional measure that assesses convenience across timesaving and effort-saving domains. However, very little research exists, other than Seiders, Voss, Godfrey and Grewal (2007) exploring Berry et al’s five dimensions. This paper seeks to explore the reliability and validity of these measures in one service setting. Literature Review In marketing literature, the first reference to the term ‘convenience’ was by Copeland (1923) who referred to the amount of time and effort expended in acquiring a consumer product. Brown and McEnally (1992) noted that early marketing definitions of the term ‘convenience’ primarily focused on providing consumer value by decreasing consumer time and effort costs, ignoring the other dimensions, such as the psychological, comfort-adding aspects of convenience. This has resulted in some recent researchers broadening the perspectives and considering convenience as 2500 a product attribute that can reduce the non-monetary price of a product (i. e. Okada and Hoch, 2004; Seiders, Berry and Gresham, 2000). The concept of convenience has been even further expanded with the suggestion that researchers should consider the need for convenience within the overall service delivery process, rather than only focusing on the service purchased (Berry et al, 2002; Brown and McEnally, 1992; Robinson and Nicosia, 1991; Seiders et al, 2000). For example, time-savings might involve less time spent in the consumption process (active time), or having the provider availability at a convenient time, i. e. consumer not having to wait (passive time) (Darian and Cohen, 1995). There is extensive research that consumers view waiting as ‘time lost’, which could have been used more productively (Carmon, Shanthikumar and Carmon, 1995; Hui and Tse, 1996; Leclerc, Shmitt and Dube, 1995; Maister 1985), as such reductions in waiting time could be an important component of convenience, impacting on consumer satisfaction (Hui and Tse, 1996; Kumar, Kalwani and Dada, 1997; Seiders and Berry, 1998). Berry et al’s (2002) review of convenience-related literature suggested that past works have not adequately explored the complex interrelationships between time and effort in regards to the dynamic processes by which convenience is initiated and sustained. Berry et al (2002) put forward a conceptual model proposing a more comprehensive multi-dimensional measure of convenience within a services context. They proposed that service convenience refers to ‘consumers’ time and effort perceptions related to using or buying a service’ (p. 5) and that it is a multidimensional construct comprising the dynamic processes of (p. -8): Decision convenience is consumers need to decide how to obtain a particular service. Access convenience involves consumers initiating service delivery, i. e. actions required to request services and to receive them. Transaction convenience is consumers need to secure the service. Benefit convenience involves consumers to experience of the s ervices. Post-benefit convenience is post service interactions with the provided. Convenience as a Multidimensional Construct Within the literature much of the research has explored convenience using a single item measure relating to convenience-related costs of time and/or effort. The fact that these single item studies have conceptualized the construct differently is in fact the first evidence that convenience is multi-dimensional (Berry and Cooper, 1990; Berry et al, 2002). Yale and Venkatesh (1986) realized that the increased importance of the service economy required the examination of consumer convenience in a new, systematic way. They argued that the variables ‘convenience goods’ and ‘time-saving durables’ were ‘fuzzily’ delineated in previous research as ‘operationalisations that measure the dependent variables in a very ambiguous, non-sensitive manner’ (p. 04). They proposed that that were in fact six components of convenience: time utilization, handiness, appropriateness, portability, accessibility and avoidance of unpleasantness, which influence consumer’s perceived convenience of product. Brown (1989, p. 55) argued that Yale and Venkatesh’s (1986) multidimensional measure of convenien ce was not driven by any particular theory, and ‘several of the components, such as â€Å"appropriateness†, are ambiguous and difficult to measure’. As such he sought to develop a five 2501 omponent measure of convenience time, place, acquisition, use and execution – which he proposed was based on economic utility theory (time, place, possession and form utilities) as well as having a cumulative measure as the fifth component of overall convenience (Brown, 1989). In addition, Yale and Venkatesh’s (1986) ‘accessibility’ and ‘portability’ components overlap and do not represent discrete categories (Gehrt and Yale, 1993). However, Brown (1990, 1989) further claimed that ‘time-saving’ is not a separate dimension of convenience (p. 16). For example, a person may purchase a product that has ime, place, acquisition or use convenience, regardless of the product itself saving the buyer any time (Brown, 1989). Therefore, Brown suggested that the concept convenience should be clarified as applying to a characteristic of a product/service, rather than considering only the effort spent in using or purchasing a product /service. Brown (1989) and Yale and Venkatesh (1986) used different words for the same components, for example, the ‘avoidance of unpleasantness’ component, deals with the consumer’s ability to get someone else to perform an unpleasant task. Brown’s ‘execution’ dimension would encompass this aspect of convenience while also including a situation when the consumer simply wants to free time or energy by contracting a task to someone else, even if the task is pleasant (Brown, 1990). Brown and McEnally (1992) further argued that Brown’s (1990) proposed ‘execution’ dimension is not a dimension of convenience but represents the consumer’s decision to ‘contract out’ someone or all of the time and energy requirements normally associated with an offering. In some sense, execution represents the ultimate convenience – letting someone else do some or all of something for you. Subsequently, Brown’s (1990) dimensions and Yale and Venkatesh’s (1986) classes can be linked by Berry et al’s (2002) more general dimensions. Specifically, the service convenience proposed by Berry et al underlie the various convenience conceptualisations proposed by prior research explicitly and implicitly (i. e. incorporating time savings, time flexibility, consumer waiting, effort savings, location, ease of transaction, and task allocation). Berry et al (2002) see these as best conceptualised in terms of the specific consumer activities required to purchase or use a service. This multi-dimensional approach of service convenience has been further tested in Seiders et al’s (2007) study of retailing. They conceptualised service convenience within retailing as a second-order, five-dimensional construct, using a 17 item scale. However, some of the items might not be suited for other service contexts. For example, their items used to explore benefit convenience were special designed for merchandise rather than service experience itself. It might also be suggested that the criteria that they developed would not necessarily be applicable to all service settings, especially those consumed at a distance, i. e. using the web or via phone. Methodology The questionnaire was distributed on-site to consumers who attended three different health clubs in Taiwan, by heath club employees. The response rate was 82% (i. e. 443 usable surveys were collected from the 540 questionnaires distributed). The questionnaire was developed in English then translated into Chinese by one person not involved in the research and then back translated by another to confirm item equivalency was achieved as recommended by Brislin (1986) and Mullen (1995). The questionnaire comprised part of a larger study; however, testing the reliability and validity of the five dimensions was an integral part of the broader project. If these 2502 were not reliable and validity was not held then they measures could not be used in future research. This research adapted the scales proposed by Berry et al (2002) related to their five types of convenience decision, access, transaction, benefit, and post-benefit. The data was collected in 2006, prior to Seiders et al’s (2007) work appearing in the literature. Within their work Berry et al (2002) proposed that three items for each of the five constructs, that is,15 items were developed. Seven point Likert scales were used (1 = Strongly Disagree, 7 = Strongly Agree), where respondents were asked about their perceptions of the provider based on existing experiences. The wording of questions was changed to fit the service convenience components for the specific service being examined, i. e. health clubs. To explore the reliability of the constructs we followed Churchill’s (1979) suggestion of examining the reliability of constructs using coefficient alpha. Reliability is ‘the extent to which research findings would be the same if the research was to be repeated at a later date or with a different sample of subjects’ (Veal, 2006, p. 41). As it has been suggested that a minimum value of the item-to-total correlation value should be greater than . 0 (Gliem and Gliem, 2003), the item-to-total-correlation values of the items on each of the measures were reliable at the . 05 level of significance. However, within literature a minimum alpha of . 60 suggested being appropriate (Hair et al, 2006) and this is used as the minimum required reliability level within this paper. To explore construct validity, we examined confirmatory factor analysis using AMOS, where a model of the constructs was assessed using a combination of fit indicators including chi-square analysis (usually considered to be p